GDF15 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: In contrast, in pancreatic cancer patients GDF15 concentrations were about four to sevenfold higher (80 patients: 2.43 ± 2.32 ng/ml; corresponding to 194.24 ± 185.45 fmol/ml), or (50 patients: 5.39 ± 3.72 ng/ml; equivalent to 430.86 ± 297.36 fmol/ml).