PTEN and neoplasm: Genetic alterations that activate the MAPK pathway such as mutation on BRAF, N-RAS, and c-Kit, as well as alteration in the p16-CDK4-Rb-ARF-p53 and PTEN-PI3K function are found to promote tumor development through their interaction with other gene regulatory pathways such as NF-κB, and most of this information is currently used for therapy.