PTEN and posterior cortical atrophy: With regard to PCa, studies have indicated that autophagy is compromised in PCa cells: PTEN, the suppressor of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, is the most frequently deleted tumor suppressor gene in PCa and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is upregulated in 30–50% of PCa tumors and associated with increasing tumor stage, grade and risk of recurrence [34].