Hallmarks of autophagy have been characterized in vitro and in vivo: PCa cells (LNCaP and PC-3), but not normal prostate epithelial cell line (PrEC), treated with 2.5–5 μM PEITC exhibited significant accumulation of AVOs and enhanced processing and punctuate localization of LC3 [43, 44, 87]; increased expression and cleavage of LC3 were also revealed in tumor sections from mice with PC-3 xenografts gavaged with 9 μM PEITC and from TRAMP mice fed 3 μmol PEITC/g diet [44, 45]. This evidence concerns the gene MAP1LC3A and posterior cortical atrophy.