BDNF and neoplasm: Figure 5b shows a significant reduction in tumour size in the presence of BDNF, demonstrating an antitumour effect similar to EE. In the brain of mice where BDNF was delivered with micro-osmotic pumps, we also observe a significant reduction of CD68+ cells (Fig. 5c), indicative of a reduced phagocytic activity of M/Mφ. Interestingly, under these conditions, also the total number of F4/80+ cells is reduced (Fig. 5d), demonstrating a BDNF-dependent reduction in M/Mφ infiltration of the tumour mass. All CD68+ cells are M/Mφ, as verified by CD68/F4/80 co-staining (Fig. 5e).