TNF and infection: Following infection of HIBCPP cells with N. meningitidis cytokines and chemokines such as CXCL1-3, IL6, IL8, TNFα, G-CSF and GM-CSF or IL-1β, IL6, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, CXCL1-3, MCP1 and IL8 were secreted after infection with bacteria or in experiments involving PMN transmigration after bacterial infection, respectively (Steinmann et al., 2013; Borkowski et al., 2014).