HSPA1A and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Although the underlying mechanism(s) culminating in lower iHSP70 expression in T2DM individuals are not fully understood, the observed reductions are likely to be a result of the concerted contribution of (i) reduction in the rate of HSP70 protein synthesis due to attenuation of initiation and elongation phases of translation, (ii) suppression of HSF-1 activation and binding to HSE via an increase in glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity (GSK-3β) as previously suggested [67], and (iii) decreased HSF1 expression.