Finally, we advocate that R values could be useful not only in assessing the course of therapeutic approaches in obesity-induced insulin insensitivity and diabetes, but also to evaluate inflammatory status in inflammation-related diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) as well as in exercise training directed to immunosuppressed and cardiovascular patients. Here, INS is linked to cardiovascular disorder.