Although further investigations are needed to better understand the role of microglia in TDP-43-mediated ALS using better models such as animal models or iPSC-derived cells from ALS patients, a remarkable concordance between the gene expression profile of in vitro co-cultured astrocytes with motor neurons carrying mutant SOD1 and spinal cords of mutant SOD1 transgenic mice has been found in a recent study,54 suggesting that our study using cultured cell model is highly relevant to in vivo ALS research. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.