Consistent with our observations, previous studies have shown that inhibition of COX-2 and PGE2-mediated inflammation was therapeutically effective in mutant SOD1 transgenic mice.28, 65 Given that abnormal TDP-43 function is tightly associated with most ALS cases, the present study provides novel insight into how microglia induce neurotoxicity in ALS, and, more interestingly, suggests celecoxib as a potential therapy for ALS. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.