In addition, inhibition of NF-κB in microglia, but not astrocytes, rescued the survival of motor neurons in vitro and extended survival in SOD1 mice.53 Together with our study, this suggests that microglia may have a key, non-cell-autonomous role in ALS pathogenesis, and it provides novel insight into potential therapeutic treatment of ALS by targeting microglia. Here, SOD1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.