Additionally, HIV-infected women have been shown to have higher levels of NT-proBNP compared to HIV-uninfected women, but because this has been attributed to an increased prevalence of non-HIV-related factors such as anemia, kidney disease, and hepatitis C infection, NT-proBNP may be a global marker of comorbidity in HIV infection.[28] NT-proBNP has not been evaluated as a marker of mortality in HIV populations. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and anemia.