Elevated BNP levels are associated with increased mortality in patients with cardiac and pulmonary diseases,[17–20,22] and NT-proBNP was also a marker of mortality and cardiovascular events in a community sample, the Framingham Offspring Study.[44] The participants in our study were much younger than the Framingham Offspring study (35 years old in the early HAART period and 43 in the late HAART period compared to 60 years old in Framingham) suggesting that HIV-infected individuals may have an accelerated risk of NT-proBNP-related pathology. Here, NPPB is linked to lung disorder.