Furthermore, the evidence that IL-17 expression was lower in ICC tissue that did not harbor HPV16 or 18 suggests that other cytokines, which may include GMCSF, IL-10 and IL-15, may trigger an immunosuppressive response that is permissive for development of ICC when the cervical tissue is infected with other non-HPV16 or 18 HR-HPV genotypes. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.