TNF and Cowden disease: The mechanism of HPM in treating CD may be through upregulating the expression of miR-147 and/or miR-205 that are abnormally downregulated in CD rats' colons to further regulate some of their target genes, thereby indirectly inhibiting the inflammatory signal pathways mediated by TLR, NF-κB, and so forth and decreasing the production of downstream inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β [19], so as to alleviate intestinal inflammation in CD.