TNF and neoplasm: Namely, in clinical settings, induction of inflammatory response after TNF-α based isolated limb perfusion was observed in the tumour tissue.36 However, involvement of non-immunological antitumour mechanism of TNF-α is also supported by our previous study, where we showed antitumour effect of TNF-α also in immunosuppressed mice.41 Indeed, in our study, we did not detect the significant infiltration of immune cells into the tumours in histological section, most probably due to the early time of tumours excision after the therapy.