44 observed a down-regulation of p70S6k activity paradoxically combined with increased Akt phosphorylation in lung cancer cells. Most groups have described activation of Akt signalling with respect to PCa progression in cell lines and tissue specimens 45,46. However, this pathway is complex and includes multiple controlling and feedback mechanisms. Evidence provided by Bjerke et al. show that activation of Akt signalling induces a TGFβ-mediated restraint on PCa progression and metastasis 47. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and lung carcinoma.