They are also consistent with the previous observations that bladder cancer lesions typically produce high levels of CCL22 and CXCL8 at baseline [31-33,39,40], which may be further amplified by treatment of patients with BCG and particularly by treatment with by BCG combined with chemotherapy [32], constituting the undesirable side-effect of treatment [33]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL22 and urinary bladder cancer.