CCR4 and urinary bladder carcinoma: We observed that bladder cancer tissues spontaneously expressed high levels of Treg- and MDSC- recruiting chemokines (CCL2, CCL22 and CXCL8, respective ligands for CCR2, CCR4 and CXCR1/2), but only low levels of CTL- attracting chemokines (CCL5, CXCL9-10; respective ligands for CCR5 and CXCR3), suggesting that the chemokine imbalance can contribute to the pathogenesis of bladder cancer and may limit the effectiveness of its immunotherapies.