CX3CL1 and glioblastoma: CCL5 is required for the US28-mediated activation of RhoA (Melnychuk et al., 2004), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and ERK (Vomaske et al., 2009) via Gα12/13 proteins in smooth muscle cells, mouse fibroblasts and U373 glioblastoma cells infected with adenoviruses expressing US28, whereas CX3CL1 activates FAK and ERK via Gαq in fibroblasts.