INS and metabolic syndrome: 2003; Suh et al. 2011) in addition to the increased adiposity observed in these animals. Regardless it remains possible that sera Leptin concentration may have been increased by the continued consumption of HFD by F1 males over a longer period of time. The phenotype of animals born to HFD F0 males is reminiscent of metabolic syndrome that is compounded, in most measures, by F1 male consumption of the same HFD. Indeed HFD/HFD F1 demonstrated some signs of diabetes (e.g., increased sera glucose/insulin concentrations), although insulin secretion tests would be needed to confirm overt diabetes.