APP and Alzheimer disease: Aluminium-mediated neurodegeneration resulting in cognitive dysfunction has been associated with elevated amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression [4, 5], amyloid β (Aβ) deposition [6, 7], impaired cholinergic projections [8], apoptotic neuronal death [9, 10], and phosphorylated tau overexpression [11], which are also seen in AD patients.