In particular, increased levels of YB-1 and MTA1 in the PIN samples correlated with the highest risk for PSA recurrence following radical prostatectomy, as compared with YB-1 and MTA1 protein levels in adjacent normal and prostate cancer tissues (PIN: HR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.24-1.85, P < 0.001 and HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.18-1.81, P < 0.001, respectively; adjacent normal: HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.08-1.51, P = 0.004 and HR 1.2, 95% CI 1.01-1.42, P = 0.03, respectively; cancer: HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.97-1.34, P = 0.11 and HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.99-1.38, P = 0.06, respectively) (Figure 2A). Here, YBX1 is linked to prostate intraepithelial neoplasia.