HMGB1 and Sepsis: HMGB1 is a non-histone DNA-binding protein that acts as a cytokine when released in the extracellular milieu.[34] Extracellular HMGB1 can be considered to be a signal of tissue injury and a mediator of inflammation.[35] High levels of HMGB1 are found in inflammatory conditions such as sepsis.[36] We found that LSS could induce the translocation of HMGB1 from nucleus to cytoplasm and release to supernatant, accompanied with inflammatory response.