Although no significant expression change of un-cleaved CASP3 (UC-CASP3) was found between control and DMD iPSC-CMs, enhanced levels of C-CASP3 were observed in DMD iPSC-CMs, indicating the existence of an activated upstream cascade to catalyze CASP3 cleavage (Fig. 4C, middle panel). Here, CASP3 is linked to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.