BMP1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Therefore, we aimed to investigate LOX, BMP1 and HIF1A mRNA expression levels in a large series of astrocytomas of different malignant grades and compare these results between cases with wild type IDH1 and cases with mutated IDH1. LOX knockdown by siRNA was performed for functional studies in vitro, and LOX protein was also analyzed in tumor samples.