Adrianto and colleagues [27,28] have performed two such studies in SLE-associated risk loci, TNFAIP3 and TNIP1. TNFAIP3 was first identified as an SLE risk gene by GWAS and encodes the ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20, which is a key regulator of NF-kB activity [45,46]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.