WWOX and neoplasm: WWOX may inhibit tumor initiation and progression through multiple signaling pathways, including the following: Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2-mediated apoptosis pathways; c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1-mediated stress response pathways; and p53-initiated apoptotic pathways (6,7).