TGFB1 and acute myocardial infarction: In addition, TGFβ up-regulation after myocardial infarction has been described by several groups (Hao et al., 1999; Vilahur et al., 2011; Li et al., 2012), and a significant relationship between reduced ejection fractions in patients after acute myocardial infarction and increases in TGFβ levels was found (Talasaz et al., 2013).