Activation of the TGFβ1-TAK1-p38 MAPK pathway is also found after myocardial infarction and parallels the transcriptional upregulation of cardiac markers for ventricular hypertrophy, beta-myosin heavy chain and atrial natriuretic peptide, thereby indicating that this pathway may be involved in hypertrophic growth processes after myocardial infarction (Matsumoto-Ida et al., 2006) (Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene NPPA and myocardial infarction.