In conclusion, while TGFβ, applied or released at early times in myocardial infarction, act cardioprotective, most presumably via the non-canonical pathway; main influences of TGFβ, released at later time points after myocardial infarction, are the induction of apoptosis, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is myocardial infarction.