In addition, TGFβ up-regulation after myocardial infarction has been described by several groups (Hao et al., 1999; Vilahur et al., 2011; Li et al., 2012), and a significant relationship between reduced ejection fractions in patients after acute myocardial infarction and increases in TGFβ levels was found (Talasaz et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and myocardial infarction.