After normalization of total RNA to β-actin, quantification analysis showed that the TDP-43 r.[106_196del] transcript was upregulated by ~4.0 fold (p < 0.0126) in ALS (n = 12; 0.216 ± 0.031) compared to controls (n = 4; 0.059 ± 0.013) (Fig. 1c). This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.