We describe here a large cross-sectional study of both HBeAg+ and HBeAg− negative CHB patients from community settings, including patients from all ethnic backgrounds, in which we evaluated the presence of PC and CP mutations (with separate analyses of treatment-naïve and -experienced patients), and the possible association of these mutations with ALT levels, HBV DNA, prevalence of cirrhosis and incidence of HCC. The gene discussed is CP; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.