An Italian study of 50 CAD patients who underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) found that MCP-1 levels significantly increased among restenotic patients compared with nonrestenotic patients, and the increase was more significant in the samples collected after 15 and 180 days after PTCA compared with that in the samples collected as early as 24 hours after the procedure [24]. Here, CCL2 is linked to coronary artery disorder.