Nevertheless, we recently reported an increase of TLR2/TLR4 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines on monocytes-derived macrophages and PBMC subpopulations from controls after in vitro stimulation with HIV-1[17] and, in dendritic cells from HIV-1(+), without HAART, and co-infected with opportunistic infections [15]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is Opportunistic infection.