Our preliminary data indicate that there was no apparent autophagic response of the macrophage cells in 2-h infection with V. parahaemolyticus, either the WT strain or its triple deletion mutant strain dTTT void of tdh, vcrD1, and vcrD2 with or without additional deletion of icmF1 and icmF2 (structural genes of VpT6SS1 and VpT6SS2, respectively; data now shown). Here, TDH is linked to infection.