IRAK1 and Alzheimer disease: Interestingly, these same miRNAs have been found to be increased in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) tissues which exhibit (i) significant global up-regulation of NF-kB in AD-affected anatomical regions (Lukiw and Bazan, 1998; Lukiw, 2012b); (ii) down-regulation in the expression of innate-immune markers such as the IL-1β receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1; with a concurrent surge in IRAK-2; Cui et al., 2010); and (iii) a progressive inflammatory degeneration (Latta et al., 2014).