Nearly 65% of breast cancers are ER+ and are thus treated with drugs that interfere with ER signaling, such as selective ER modulators (SERMS, e.g. tamoxifen), selective ER downregulators (SERDS, e.g., fulvestrant) or drugs that decrease circulating estrogen levels, like aromatase inhibitors (AIs, e.g., exemestane). This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and breast carcinoma.