In a prospective, nested, case–control study, median levels of sICAM-1 but not sVCAM-1 were significantly higher at baseline among men who developed peripheral arterial disease (PAD) during a nine-year follow-up period.13 In the study by Hwang et al., E-selectin and ICAM-1 levels were significantly increased in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and carotid artery atherosclerosis compared with the control subjects. This evidence concerns the gene SELE and peripheral arterial disease.