MTOR and renal cell carcinoma: The phosphatidylinositol 3‘kinase (PI3K), serine/threonine kinase Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is abnormally active in a number of human cancers, including RCC [8], and interruption of this pathway by targeted therapy has antiproliferative, pro-lethal, antiangiogenic, and pro-apoptotic effects, and are more effective against RCC than previous cytokine therapy or chemotherapy [9].