Further consistent with human studies, we observed increases in airway inflammatory cytokines in single-dose elastase and RV-treated mice compared with either treatment alone, including CXCL10/IP-10, CCL5/RANTES and TNF-α which have all been shown to be up-regulated during naturally occurring COPD exacerbations in comparison with stable state [7,9,10,13,45]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.