Type 1 diabetes (T1D), also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition which is due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells and is characterized by (nearly) complete absence of insulin secretion, and presence of autoantibodies including glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies, leading to dependence on insulin injections. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.