These experiments are nor definite proof that GAD-ab are not pathogenic; however, to resolve this issue future studies should unambiguously demonstrate that GAD-ab can reach the target antigen, visualizing the binding with high resolution confocal microscopy, and determining if the potential effects on GAD correlate with symptoms using appropriate animal models, as recently demonstrated for NMDAR antibodies in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis [48]. This evidence concerns the gene GAD1 and viral encephalitis.