TNF and cancer: Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a key transcription factor of the cellular stress response in cancer.4 Two main NF-κB pathways have been described, that is, the canonical and the non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways.5 The canonical NF-κB pathway is activated by various cytokines, for example, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, which, upon its binding to the TNF receptor (TNFR), stimulates the phosphorylation and activation of IKKβ within the IκB kinase (IKK) complex.