TNF and neoplasm: A study by Ramos et al. [8] demonstrated that IFN-α–treated patients with CIN III and with tumor regression expressed more type 1 T helper (Th1)-profile cytokines (IFN-γ, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2), with a significant reduction in the high-risk HPV viral load in the lesions.