Our main findings were that RYGB induces changes in circulating concentrations of cytokines in both obese T2D patients and in obese NGT subjects by decreasing fasting plasma concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, leptin, and the regulatory cytokine TGF-β, and by increasing the anti-inflammatory adiponectin. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.