Furthermore, the results of immunohistochemical analysis on human HNSCC tumor samples demonstrated that garcinol in combination with cisplatin significantly suppressed NF-κB (p65), COX-2, VEGF, and MMP-9, and such downregulation was more impressive than either garcinol or cisplatin alone (Figure 7A). This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.