HMOX1 and Parkinson disease: Furthermore, perinatal stressors activating this glial HO-1 cascade prior to the maturation of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways may result in “hypertrophy” of dopaminergic projections and a neurodevelopmental hyperkinetic disorder (e.g., schizophrenia), whereas exposure of established dopaminergic circuitry to homologous influences in later life may yield neurophenotypes that are purely degenerative in nature (e.g., PD) [65].