In the study of systemic lupus erythematosus, it was shown that OAS1 is upregulated, whereas expression of OASL was lower in systemic lupus erythematosus patients than in normal individuals.41 In primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from systemic sclerosis patients, only the expression of OAS2 and OASL was higher than in the basal state and neither OAS1 nor OAS3 was induced.37 Patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease show high mortality. This evidence concerns the gene OAS1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.