ATM and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Consistent with the cell cycle and immunofluorescence data, NSCLC cells treated with the AITC and PITC induced ATM/ATR-mediated DDR as evidenced by phosphorylation of ATM, ATR, p53 and Chk1 (Figures 4A–4C and 5A–5C), and induced the expression of replication stress-associated DNA repair proteins such as Rad18 (Figures 4A), mono-ubiquitinated FANCD2 (Figures 3 and 4A) and γH2AX (Figures 3, 5A and S3).