Some evidence also suggests that replication-competent malaria parasite-infected hepatocytes contribute to CD8 T cell priming: (i) elimination of hepatic stage parasites abrogates protection generated by administration of irradiated sporozoites (Scheller and Azad, 1995); and (ii) protection induced by live sporozoites in mice treated with chloroquine was abrogated by primaquine treatment that eliminates the parasite from hepatocytes (Belnoue et al., 2004). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and malaria.