MAPK8 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Unlike the cells described in Table 7, evidence from cancer cell studies (Table 8) demonstrated that PCA can induce apoptosis and prevent the growth of tumor cells via causing reduced Bcl-2 protein, increased Bax protein expression in human leukemia (HL-60) cells [55], via activated JNK/p38 MAPK pathways and Fas/FasL pathways, increased translocation of Bax, and reduced Bcl-2 levels in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells [56] and via induced JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells [57].