Consistent with in vitro reports, animal studies (Table 4) demonstrated that PCA strongly inhibited inflammation by inhibiting carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice by decreasing TNF-α, IL-1β, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels, suppressed iNOS and COX-2 expression in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice [37], prevented LPS-induced sepsis in mice via decreased NO levels and suppressed IL-10 [40], reduced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 [38], and inhibited monocyte/macrophage infiltration in mice [39]. The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is Sepsis.