In line with these results, Stat3 deficiency in dendritic cells63 and splenocytes as well as knockdown or inhibition of STAT3 within melanoma or prostate cancer cell lines44 causes increased phosphorylation of IκBα, indicating that STAT3 can also impinge on NF-κB activity further upstream in the inhibitory complex formation of IκBα and NF-κB. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and prostate cancer.