In addition, abnormalities in the cellular immune response have also been reported in children with autism; in particular, reduced cytotoxic activity and elevated levels of selected proinflammatory cytokines produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and IL1β, have been shown to disrupt neurodevelopment [3, 4]. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is autism.