Ligation of BAFF to its receptor can activate either the canonical or non-canonical NF-κB pathways, resulting in the nuclear translocation of p50/p65 and/or p52/RelB and the subsequent upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, most notably Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w, Mcl-1 and A1, and downregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins, most notably Bid, Bad, Bik, Bim, Bmf, Hrk/DP5, Noxa and Puma, and the exclusion of PKCδ from the nucleus.10, 41, 43, 45, 55 This process is vital for the survival of many B-cell malignancies, including MM.56 This evidence concerns the gene HRK and Miyoshi myopathy.