Nrn1 may be a crucial gene for neuroprotection and regeneration because growth factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF), BDNF and NT-3 as well as neuronal activity can potentiate the expression of Nrn1. 44, 50 In addition, we reported that Nrn1 mRNA expression appears to be biphasic after ON axonal trauma, indicating a transient attempt by RGCs at neuroprotection/neuroregeneration in response to ONC injury.51 The dynamic regulation of Nrn1 coupled with neurotrophic effects may promote axonal regeneration in the CNS. Here, NRN1 is linked to injury.