INS and breast cancer: The phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway is one of the most frequently dysregulated pathways in cancer and is thought to have a major role in bladder carcinogenesis.31, 32 Interestingly, previous studies showed that phosphorylation of PHB by Akt attenuates its interaction with PIP3 and enhances insulin signaling,33 but its relationship with BC remain unknown.