Activated TβRI and JNK differentially phosphorylates the mediator Smad3 to become pSmad3C (Ser-423/425) and pSmad3L (Ser-213) and then transmits tumor-suppressive or oncogenic TGF-β signaling, respectively, by mediating distinct transcriptional responses [24, 25]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and neoplasm.